![]() ![]() ![]() Uncertainty in the temporal trend of BPD epidemiology reflects a confluence of circumstances such as differences in the BPD definition, increased survival among the immature infants who are inherently predisposed to BPD, differential use of oxygen therapy, and the potential for targeted use of dexamethasone and adjunctive vitamin A to reduce the risk of BPD. Modest reductions in the incidence of several comorbidities of prematurity have also accompanied these improved practices, with the exception of BPD incidence, which has remained steady or increased over time depending on country/geographic region. Survival to discharge of extremely preterm infants has improved in recent years, particularly in highly developed countries, due to advances in neonatal care such as antenatal corticosteroid use, less aggressive ventilation, and strict infection control practices. ![]() Preterm infants with BPD have prolonged hospital stays, high healthcare costs, and long-term pulmonary morbidity. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common morbidity of prematurity, which occurs when the alveolarization process – the final stage of lung development – is disrupted. Those who survive are susceptible to serious neonatal morbidities strongly associated with poor long-term outcomes. Infants born extremely preterm, defined as birth <28 weeks gestational age (GA), face a high risk of neonatal mortality.
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